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End factory farming - before it ends us

Intensive, industrialised, factory - they're all words that describe modern farming methods. Intensive because as many animals as possible are crammed together in the smallest possible space. Industrialised because feeding, watering and dung clearing are often performed automatically. Factory because the philosophy of mass production is what lies behind it all.

It all began in Europe and the US encouraged by respective governments but has now spread to almost every country in the world, even the poorest of the developing nations. Like a recipe for a cake, there are no variables but a well-honed formula that standardises production and keeps prices low. Victims include humans who develop killer degenerative diseases as a result of eating too much saturated animal fat, animal protein and cholesterol.

Can you conceive of the mentality that looked at restlessly strutting chickens, descendants of jungle fowl, and decided to cram them five to a wire cage no bigger than a microwave oven - so small that not even one hen can stretch her wings? Then they piled thousands of cages one on top of another and forced the hens - through selective breeding, constant lighting and food unnaturally high in protein - to produce an egg almost every day of their short lives, when their ancestors laid just 20 a year.

So many egg shells that calcium is leached from the hen's bones, causing them to break from osteoporosis. This system produces about 60 per cent of all eggs in the UK. Barn egg production is equally squalid - no cages but sheds with upwards of 15 hens to a square meter. The sad little by-products of all egg systems are day-old male chicks, too scrawny for meat and incapable of laying eggs so 40 million are cruelly gassed with CO2 or minced alive every year in a macerating machine.

The fate of meat chickens is little better. As many as 30,000 or more are crammed into a single shed to stand in their own excreta for the six weeks of their obscenely short lives. Huge, waddling babies, forced to grow so unnaturally fast that their hearts can't cope and many die from heart disease. Legs break under their ballooning weight and despite this ordeal, these perversions of nature account for almost all chicken meat eaten. Ducks, turkeys and Guinea fowl all endure similar conditions - and geese are heading the same way.

What sane person would look at highly intelligent animals such as pigs and force them into overcrowded, concrete cells? No bedding, no enrichment, filth and squalor and absolutely nothing to do - unable to fulfil even their most basic natural instincts. And as a bonus, cut off their tails and crush their teeth without anesthetics in an attempt to control the resulting aggression.

A special barbarity is reserved for sows - female breeding pigs. Until recently they spent their entire lives encased in metalbarred crates little wider then their bodies, ensuring they could never turn around or lie down properly. In Europe, continual campaigning has led to the abolition of these stalls while the sows are pregnant and the world's biggest pig producer, US-based Smithfield, has announced that it will follow suit - eventually. Sow stalls have been replaced with yet more barren concrete and filth except for 70 days a year when sows are confined in metal farrowing crates while they deliver and suckle their annual 2.5 litters. No wonder they go mad, gnawing at their bars in the bleak and desolate despair of mental collapse.
 

 
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Viva! has filmed in more than 30 intensive pig farms in order to produce its shocking Pig in Hell report and video. We have launched a campaign to ban the barbaric farrowing crate and have embarrassed Tesco by exposing the cruel conditions in which pigs are kept by one of its principal suppliers. No wonder pig meat sales have been falling. More than three million kangaroos are shot annually in the Australian outback for meat and leather with no let up in the slaughter despite crashing population numbers. They are an essential part of the country's unique ecology yet are blamed for its destruction. The real culprits are 160 million innocent but alien cattle and sheep, whose hard hooves are turning Australia into a desert. Baby kangaroos - joeys - are not spared and are dragged from their dead mothers' pouches and clubbed to death. Viva! ended the sale of kangaroo meat through all the UK's 1,500 big supermarkets and has targeted Adidas, the world's biggest consumer of kangaroo skin for sports shoes.
Almost all chicken rearing in the UK is now standardised - huge, windowless sheds housing upwards of 30,000 birds. Almost constant lighting keeps them eating and growing until they carpet the faecessodden floor - each bird allowed an area the size of an A4 piece of paper. They can fulfil none of their natural instincts. Their deaths in automated slaughterhouses are no better than their lives, some missing the throat cutting machine and entering the scalding tank fully conscious. Viva! has shown that big companies are no better than small ones by filming inside sheds of the biggest producers - Grampian and Faccenda.
 

These are the obvious examples of factory farming but there are others, less obvious. Despite their seemingly free-range existence, dairy cows are probably the hardest worked of all farmed animals. They are one of the few animals to endure pregnancy and milking both at the same time. And what milking - up to 10 times the amount they need to suckle a calf. Look at dairy cows in the field and you will see hip bones that protrude from their skin like coat hangers through a flimsy shirt.

Watch them as they walk and you will see distended udders. Many limp and lurch along with difficulty - hardly surprising as one third at any one time suffer foot and leg problems and excruciating laminitis. A further third experience the equally painful mastitis - massively inflamed teats that issue copious amounts of pus. Animals who can live into their mid twenties are exhausted after just two or three pregnancies and are slaughtered - equivalent in age to a teenage girl.

And what of their offspring? All are removed from their mother at two or three days old, despite her bellows of despair and their own confusion and fear. Female calves will mostly be kept to replenish the herd while the teetering little male calves are shot in the head, are killed for low-grade beef or endure long journeys abroad to the veal farms of continental Europe - another by-product of another cruel industry.

A hidden victim of the dairy industry is the badger. Accused of spreading bovine TB the finger should be pointed at intensive farming methods and cattle movements. A 10 year report by experts found that badger culling would not halt the disease but would actually make it worse by dispersing clans of badgers. These wild animals are under threat.

Sheep, too, are touted as free-range animals - and so they are. But that doesn't tell the full story. Tricked into ovulating at the wrong time and tricked into producing too many babies - increasingly triplets - it is a struggle to survive, often on overgrazed, marginal land. Instead of giving birth in Spring, ewes often deliver their young as early as December. The result is cold, starvation, disease and death, which claims 20 per cent of all newborn lambs - four million every year.

And when they're marketed, each little creature, which has known only the quiet of the countryside, will be transported from market place to holding pen, from livestock dealer to exporter - an average of eight times each. Many will be subjected to days of road transport - often as far as Greece - crammed with others in inadequently ventilated or heated transporters. Many can die - whole consignments have died - of stress, thirst and heat stroke.

And so it goes on. Beef cattle are no exception and it was unnaturally being fed the remains of their own kind that has given the world the terrifying and incurable outbreak of vCJD - the human form of Mad Cow Disease.

Even reproduction has become a perversion of nature. Artificial insemination has mostly replaced the ageold natural method. It can involve males being continually and forcibly masturbated for their semen, which is then crudely injected into females through plastic pipes. It enables producers to control fertility, to increase the frequency of birth and destroy the natural seasonal cycle. Turkeys have become such monstrosities of manipulation that they can no longer breed naturally at all.

This whole cycle of exploitation took wing after the end of the World War II - or, to be more precise, after 1948 when antibiotics were first introduced. Animal agriculture now accounts for half of all antibiotics consumed and it is these which are the key to this unnatural, cruel and ultimately dangerous abuse of animals. What began with greed is likely to end in catastrophe. There have been a string of scientific reports spelling out the dangers to humankind but still the dosing goes on - often indiscriminately, on a daily basis, frequently incorporated in food and water.

Turkey production is an almost exact repeat of chicken farming. Three Christmases running, Viva! exposed the conditions birds are subjected to by Europe's largest turkey producer - Bernard Matthews - including footage shown on GMTV. Sales of factory-farmed turkey meat fell.

By covertly filming inside slaughterhouses and at sites of ritual religious slaughter, we showed that killing is far from humane - in fact it is obscene. We've revealed than animals often recover consciousness while bleeding to death and fully-conscious, religiously slaughtered animals can take minutes to die. This helped to end cruel 'home' slaughter and we are working to ban ritual slaughter - and ultimately to end all slaughter.

Almost all ducks are victims of intensive farming but with an added, cruel twist - these beautiful aquatic animals are usually denied all water in which to swim and on most farms have insufficient to preen properly. By covertly filming inside sheds belonging to some of the biggest producers, Viva! ended the barbaric practice of debeaking in the UK and persuaded Marks & Spencer and Harrods to ditch all factory-farmed whole ducks. Every year in France, 30 million ducks are forced into cages, so small they can't even stretch their wings - and are used to produce the cruel delicacy foie-gras. Trapped and helpless, a metal tube is thrust down their throats and vast quantities of food is forcibly pumped into their stomachs so that their livers swell painfully up to 10 times their natural size. The suffering of these birds is so extreme it would be illegal in this country. However, free trade laws mean that every year we import tonnes of these diseased livers, marketed as an expensive delicacy. Britain is a driving force behind this cruel industry. And Viva!'s campaign to make Britain a foie-gras free zone gathers pace, as restaurants increasingly drop it from their menus.

A whole string of antibiotics and other drugs are administered for different purposes. Some are used to prevent disease, some are used to try and cure diseases and some, believe it or not, are used simply to make animals put on weight more quickly. The onslaught is relentless and the outcome is not even in doubt any more. In evolutionary terms, the time from 1948 to today is no more than a twinkling of light. And yet the results are stark. One by one we have lost the ability to use specific antibiotics because the bacteria they are designed to kill have developed resistance and have become 'superbugs'. Worse than this, the mutated microbes have the ability to pass on their resistance to unrelated organisms in an example of microbial cooperation that no one understands. In severe cases of food poisoning, there is now only one antibiotic of last resort - and one of its derivatives is still being fed to animals.

We are staring into the abyss - not my words but those of an enquiry into drugresistant bacteria. As enquiry tumbles on the heels of enquiry, the farming industry refuses to respond and as one drug is banned, their use of another increases - and governments wring their hands as only governments know how.

We have virulent new forms of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter which have turned food poisoning into an epidemic. Bird flu - which spreads like wildfire through intensive poultry units - has hit before and it will hit again. Next time it might mutate into a human pandemic of terrifying proportions. And we have superbugs, which are wreaking havoc in our hospitals. Thousands of people are dying horrible deaths as a result. And the problem is growing rapidly worse.

As the increase in consumption of meat, dairy and other animal products has blossomed so have the killer diseases they spawn - heart disease, strokes, some cancers, obesity, bone and joint diseases and a string of other degenerative diseases. In 1990, the World Health Organisation spelt out in detail the links in its report, Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Since then a string of other reports, including the landmark China Study, have strengthened the huge edifice of evidence. They have mostly been ignored.

And now we have the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organisation spelling out that livestock production is at the heart of all the world's worst environmental catastrophes - from deforestation to land degradation, water use to global warming, where livestock produce more warming gases than all the world's transport systems combined.

Factory farming has to end. We have to stop this obsessive promotion of animal protein and we have to begin treating animals with respect and consideration - or pay the price. It could be an extremely high price.

Tony Wardle. Associate Director, Viva! UK and Viva! Poland. tony@viva.org.uk www.tonywardle.co.uk
Click here to find out more about Viva! campaigns to end farmed animal cruelty.

 
Viva! opened an office in Warsaw in Poland when we discovered that 100,000 horses were being transported every year from Poland to Italy to be slaughtered for meat in appalling conditions. The journey takes days and often horses are not fed, watered or rested en route. Our campaign has seen the numbers collapse to 30,000 and we're working to end the trade entirely. A dedicated campaign by Viva! persuaded the Whole Foods supermarket chain to completely rewrite its animal welfare code and introduce the highest standards in the world. The owner of the company subsequently became vegan and credited Viva!. We also stopped Adidas from selling its kangaroo skin boots in California and have helped persuade the California Senate to approve a bill banning foie gras production in the state.
 

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